Hey your browser is offline.

A / AS Level Chemistry

Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry chemistry-1

  • 1.1 Relative masses of atoms and molecules
  • 1.2 The mole and the Avogadro constant
  • 1.3 The determination of relative atomic masses, Ar
  • 1.4 The calculation of empirical and molecular formulae
  • 1.5 Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases)

Atomic structure chemistry-2

  • 2.1 Particles in the atom
  • 2.2 The nucleus of the atom
  • 2.3 Electrons: energy levels, atomic orbitals, ionisation energy, electron affinity

Chemical bonding chemistry-3

  • 3.1 Ionic bonding
  • 3.2 Covalent bonding and co-ordinate (dative covalent) bonding including shapes of simple molecules
  • 3.3 Intermolecular forces, electronegativity and bond properties
  • 3.4 Metallic bonding
  • 3.5 Bonding and physical properties

States of matter chemistry-4

  • 4.1 The gaseous state: ideal and real gases and pV = nRT
  • 4.2 The liquid state
  • 4.3 The solid state: lattice structures

Chemical energetics chemistry-5

  • 5.1 Enthalpy change, ΔH
  • 5.2 Hess’ Law, including Born-Haber cycles
  • 5.3 Entropy change, ΔS
  • 5.4 Gibbs free energy change, ΔG

Electrochemistry chemistry-6

  • 6.1 Redox processes: electron transfer and changes in oxidation number (oxidation state)
  • 6.2 Electrolysis
  • 6.3 Standard electrode potentials E⦵ ; standard cell potentials E⦵ cell and the Nernst equation
  • 6.4 Batteries and fuel cells

Equilibria chemistry-7

  • 7.1 Chemical equilibria: reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium
  • 7.2 Ionic equilibria
  • 7.3 Partition coefficients

Reaction kinetics chemistry-8

  • 8.1 Simple rate equations, orders of reaction and rate constants
  • 8.2 Effect of temperature: on reaction rates and rate constants andthe concept of activation energy
  • 8.3 Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts including enzymes

The Periodic Table: chemical periodicity chemistry-9

  • 9.1 Periodicity of physical properties of the elements in Period 3
  • 9.2 Periodicity of chemical properties of the elements in Period 3
  • 9.3 Chemical periodicity of other elements

Group 2 chemistry-10

  • 10.1 Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals, magnesium to barium, and their compounds
  • 10.2 Some uses of Group 2 compounds

Group 17 chemistry-11

  • 11.1 Physical properties of the Group 17 elements
  • 11.2 The chemical properties of the elements and their hydrides
  • 11.3 Some reactions of the halide ions
  • 11.4 The reactions of chlorine with aqueous sodium hydroxide
  • 11.5 Some important uses of the halogens and of halogen compounds

An introduction to the chemistry of transition elements chemistry-12

  • 12.1 General physical properties of the first row of transition elements, titanium to copper
  • 12.2 General characteristic chemical properties of the first set of transition elements, titanium to copper
  • 12.3 Colour of complexes
  • 12.4 Stereoisomerism in transition element complexes
  • 12.5 Stability constants, Kstab

Nitrogen and sulfur chemistry-13

  • 13.1 Nitrogen
  • 13.2 Sulfur: the formation of atmospheric sulfur dioxide, its role in acid rain

An introduction to organic chemistry chemistry-14

  • 14.1 Formulae, functional groups and the naming of organic compounds
  • 14.2 Characteristic organic reactions
  • 14.3 Shapes of organic molecules; σ and π bonds
  • 14.4 Isomerism: structural and stereoisomerism

Hydrocarbons chemistry-15

  • 15.1 Alkanes
  • 15.2 Alkenes
  • 15.3 Hydrocarbons as fuels
  • 15.4  Arenes

Halogen derivatives chemistry-16

  • 16.1 Halogenoalkanes
  • 16.2 Relative strength of the C–Hal bond

Hydroxy compounds chemistry-17

  • 17.1 Alcohols
  • 17.2 Phenol

Carbonyl compounds chemistry-18

  • 18.1 Aldehydes and ketones

Carboxylic acids and derivatives chemistry-19

  • 19.1 Carboxylic acids
  • 19.2  Acyl chlorides
  • 19.3 Esters

Nitrogen compounds chemistry-20

  • 20.1 Primary amines
  • 20.2 Amides
  • 20.3  Amino acids

Polymerisation chemistry-21

  • 20.1 Primary amines
  • 20.2 Amides
  • 20.3  Amino acids

Analytical techniques chemistry-22

  • 22.1 Chromatography
  • 22.2 Infra-red spectroscopy
  • 22.3 Mass spectrometry
  • 22.4 Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy
  • 22.5 Proton (1H) NMR spectroscopy

Organic synthesis chemistry-23

  • 23.1 Synthesis of chiral drug molecules
  • 23.2 Synthetic routes